为了生物多样性而最应该优先保护的30%全球海域
The marine biodiversity research group at the University of Auckland has published a world map of where most biodiversity is in the ocean. This is the most representative map of biodiversity to date because it considers marine life from genes to ecosystems. Prioritizing the protection of this 30% of the oceans would protect about 70% of its biodiversity. The map also indicates where monitoring of trends in species abundance would be most effective in documenting change in biodiversity.
新西兰奥克兰大学海洋生物多样性研究组发表了一篇关于全球海洋生物多样性保护区域测绘的研究成果，其在全球尺度下对应该进行海洋生物多样性保护的区域进行了优先级分析和测绘。该优先级分析考虑到了海洋生物从基因层面到生态层面的因素，因此这是迄今最能够代表海洋生物多样性的区域优先级分析和测绘。
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Conservation Congress called for the full protection of 30% of each marine habitat globally and at least 30% of all the ocean. This map shows where these priority areas would be best located.
国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）世界自然保护大会（World Conservation Congress）呼吁在全球范围内切实保护每个海洋生物栖息地30％的区域，以及全球所有海域的30%。作为回应，此项研究中的区域优先级分析和测绘显示了应该进行优先区域保护的最佳位置（以下简称为‘最优先保护区域’）。
The areas were mainly on continental coasts, island arcs, oceanic islands, the southwest Indian Ridge, the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Coral Triangle (around Indonesia and Philippines), Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Archipelago.
‘最优先保护区域’主要位于大陆海岸，岛弧和海洋岛屿的周边海域，以及西南印度洋脊，北部中大西洋脊，珊瑚礁三角区（印度尼西亚和菲律宾周围），加勒比海和北极群岛。
The project was led by former Ph.D. student Qianshuo Zhao, who previously used 20 kinds of environmental data to produce the first complete world map of marine ecosystems. Another Ph.D. student, Dinusha Jayathilake, produced the new world maps of the seagrass and kelp biomes used in the project.
该研究由组内的博士研究生赵千硕（已毕业）所主导。此前赵千硕基于20种不同的环境变量数据首次完全测绘了全球表层海洋生态系统（marine ecosystems）的分布，而这项海洋生态系统分布的测绘结果也被引入此项优先级分析研究当中。研究组中的另一名博士研究生蒂努莎·贾亚希拉克（Dinusha Jayathilake）提供了此项研究中所用到的全球海草与巨藻生物群系（biomes）的分布数据。
Although only 30% of the ocean, the mapped areas include 94% of coral reefs and mangrove forests, and 86% of kelp forests and seagrass meadows, and 68% of species. Thus, most biodiversity is protected in the least area.
虽然‘最优先保护区域’只占到全球海域的30%，但其囊括了94%的珊瑚礁和红树林，86%的海草和巨藻海洋草原，以及68%的海洋生物分布。因此，这项研究实现了以最小的区域规划去保护尽可能多的生物多样性。
The analysis found that less than 1 % of the area had been designated to be protected. Ocean protection has hardly begun. It is far off the 10% global target agreed under the Convention on Biological Diversity and in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
该研究发现只有不到1%的‘最优先保护区域’处于保护当中。这与生物多样性公约（CBD）和联合国可持续发展目标（the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals）中所商定的10％全球目标相去甚远。
Most (58%) of the 30% priority area is coastal and so countries can unilaterally protect it. The remaining 42% is on the High Seas where international agreement is needed. The countries that could contribute most are Canada, Australia, USA, Greenland, Indonesia, Russia, and New Zealand, as they have the largest prioritized areas within their EEZs.
大约有58%的‘最优先保护区域’位于沿岸海域，因此相应各国可以独自对其进行保护。处于公海的42%的‘最优先保护区域’可以通过国际公约进行保护。加拿大，澳大利亚，美国，格陵兰，印度尼西亚，俄罗斯和新西兰在各自的专属经济区（EEZ）内有着最大面积的‘最优先保护区域’，可以为生物多样性保护做出更多的贡献。
All the maps and underlying data are publicly available. These data include
- Species richness based on modeled ranges of 25,000 species (including deep-sea etc.) nested within 30 realms of endemicity based on cluster analyses of 65,000 species;
- Modeled ranges of the four major marine biomes, seagrass, laminarian kelp, mangroves, and shallow corals;
- Seabed topography as an indicator of other major seabed habitats;
- Seven world shallow-water marine ecosystems based on cluster analyses of 20 environmental layers (including seabed slope and depth, current and wind velocity, wave height, distance from land, sea surface temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen, chlorophyll concentration and primary production, nutrients, ice cover).
The optimal area was selected using decision-support software to identify the areas that complement each other to include most biodiversity. It is a ~100 km resolution.
所有测绘地图和基础数据都公开可用。这些数据包括：
- 物种丰富度：基于25,000个物种（包括深海物种）的建模分布与30个物种特异性领域（基于65,000个物种的聚类分析）之间的嵌套；
- 四大海洋生物群系：海草，海带属巨藻，红树林和浅水珊瑚的建模分布；
- 海床地势：指示其他种类的海底栖息地；
- 七类全球表层海洋生态系统：基于20种环境变量进行的聚类分析，这些变量包括海床坡度和深度，海流和风速，浪高，离岸距离，海面温度，盐度，pH，氧气，叶绿素浓度和初级生产力，营养盐，以及冰盖。
该研究中的区域优先级分析过程使用了决策支持软件去识别相辅相成的区域，以囊括尽可能多的生物多样性。测绘地图的分辨率约为100千米。
Freely accessible from this link until 22nd May 2020 https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1aqpU1R~eEhKs
The map can be downloaded from this Figshare link eternally https://doi.org/10.17608/k6.auckland.12082158.v1
通过以下链接可于2020年5月22日之前免费阅览该研究成果：https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1aqpU1R~eEhKs
通过以下链接可下载该研究的优先级规划测绘地图：https://doi.org/10.17608/k6.auckland.12082158.v1
References
Zhao Q, Stephenson F, Lundquist C, Kaschner K, Jayathilake DRM, Costello MJ. 2020. Where Marine Protected Areas would best represent 30% of ocean biodiversity. Biological Conservation 244, 108536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108536 .
This paper built on previous studies by the group that mapped and reviewed current knowledge on marine (1) ecosystems (Zhao et al. 2019a, 2019b, 2020), (2) seagrass and kelp biomes (Jayathilake and Costello 2018, 2019a, 2019b), (3) realms of marine endemicity (Costello et al. 2017, 2018a), (4) habitat classifications, topographic statistics and the three-dimensional nature of the ocean environmental variability (Costello 2009, Costello et al. 2010, 2018b, Costello and Breyer 2017), and (5) the underlying knowledge about biodiversity, biogeography, deep-sea and ocean environment (Costello and Chaudhary 2017, Basher and Costello 2019, Costello et al. 2018b, 2019, 2020), including how poorly mapped it is compared to other Planets.
Previous work also reviewed the benefits of Marine Reserves (Costello 2014, Costello and Ballantine 2015), criteria for prioritizing where to have MPA (Asaad et al. 2017), how connectivity is accommodated by representivity (Costello and Connor 12019), reviewed the distribution of marine biodiversity hotspots (Jefferson and Costello 2019), how to restore giant clams on coral ecosystems (Waters et al. 2013), why marine reserves provide resilience to the effects of climate change (Bates et al. 2019), and designed an MPA network for the Coral Triangle, the most species-rich area in the world oceans (Asaad et al. 2018a, 2018b, 2019a, 2019b).
References to prior publications
Asaad I, Lundquist CJ, Erdmann MV, Costello MJ 2017. Ecological criteria to identify areas for biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 213, 309-316.
Asaad I, Lundquist CJ, Erdmann MV, and Costello MJ 2018a. Delineating priority areas for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle. Biological Conservation 222, 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.037
Asaad I, Lundquist CJ, Erdmann MV, and Costello MJ 2018b. Designating spatial priorities for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle. Frontiers in Marine Science 5, 400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00400
Asaad, I., Lundquist, C. J., Erdmann, M. V., Costello, M. J. 2019a. An interactive atlas for marine biodiversity conservation in the Coral Triangle. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-80.
Asaad I, Lundquist CJ, Erdmann MV, Costello MJ 2019b. The Coral Triangle: the most species rich marine region on earth. In: Encyclopedia of the World’s Biomes. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier. ISBN 9780124095489. 8 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11801-9
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Bates AE, Cooke RSC, Duncan MI, Edgar GJ, Bruno J, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Côté IM, Lefcheck JS, Costello MJ, Barrett N, Bird TJ, Fenberg PB, Stuart-Smith RD. 2019. Climate resilience in marine protected areas and the ‘Protection Paradox’. Biological Conservation 236, 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.05.005
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